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The Royal Navy Submarine Service is the submarine element of the Royal Navy. It is sometimes known as the Silent Service, as the submarines are generally required to operate undetected.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/The-Fleet/Shore-Establishments/HMS-Raleigh/Royal-Navy-Submarine-School )〕 The service operates six fleet submarines (SSNs), of the ''Trafalgar'' and ''Astute'' classes (with four currently planned or under construction), and four ballistic missile submarines (SSBN), of the ''Vanguard'' class. All of these submarines are nuclear powered. The service also owns the LR5 Submarine Rescue System. Since 1993 the post of Flag Officer Submarines has been dual-hatted with the post of Commander Operations. The service was for many years located at HMS ''Dolphin'' in Hampshire.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Submarine School )〕 It moved from ''Dolphin'' to the Northwood Headquarters in 1978.〔Conley, p. 136〕 The Submarine School is now at HMS ''Raleigh'' at Torpoint in Cornwall. ==History== At the beginning of the 20th century, the idea of submarine warfare was considered by senior personnel in the Admiralty to be "Underhand, unfair and damned un-English"〔Stephen Wentworth Roskill (1968). ''Naval Policy Between the Wars'', Walker, ISBN 0-87021-848-4 p. 231. cites A. J. Marder, ''Fear God and Dread Nought'', vol. I (Oxford UP, 1961), p.333 and also Williams Jameson, The ''Most Formidable Thing'' (Hart-Davis, 1965) pp. 75-76.〕 (Admiral Sir Arthur Wilson VC, 1901). However, those in favour of experimenting with submarine technology eventually won the argument, and the Royal Navy launched its first submarine, Holland 1, in 1901. The Submarine Service proved its worth in World War I, where it was awarded five of the Royal Navy's 14 Victoria Crosses of the war, the first to Lieutenant Norman Holbrook, Commanding Officer of HMS ''B11''. On 30 August 1939 Rear Admiral Submarines, Rear Admiral Bertram Watson, moved his headquarters from Gosport to Aberdour, Scotland, though the administrative staff remained at Gosport. The RN started the Second World War with 60 submarines.〔( "Royal, Dominion & Allied Navies in World War 2" ) naval-history.net〕 On 31 August 1939 Second Submarine Flotilla at Dundee (''Forth'' and ten submarines) and Sixth Submarine Flotilla at Blyth (HMS Titania and six submarines) were part of the Home Fleet. and , part of the Seventh Submarine Flotilla, were at Freetown under the orders of the Commander-in-Chief, South Atlantic; ten submarines were in the Mediterranean along with the depot ship (First Submarine Flotilla); and the submarine depot ship and the Fourth Submarine Flotilla were under the Commander-in-Chief, China, split between Singapore and Hong Kong.〔Stephen Roskill, (History of the Second World War: The War at Sea 1939-1945: The Defensive, Chapter 4: Allied and Enemy War Plans and Dispositions, p47-49 )〕 Roskill writes that the effective naval strength of the British Empire on the outbreak of war included 38 submarines. During the war the major operating arenas were the Norwegian waters; the Mediterranean where a flotilla of submarines fought a successful battle against the Axis replenishment route to North Africa; and the Far East where Royal Navy submarines disrupted Japanese shipping operating in the Malacca Straits.〔(Submarine History : Submarine Service : Operations and Support : Royal Navy )〕 In January 1940, Vice-Admiral Max Horton was made Rear Admiral Submarines. Horton's biographer, Rear Admiral William S. Chalmers, cites the opinion that a new regulation, which required the post holder to be an officer who had served aboard submarines in the Great War, was forced through for the sole purpose of ensuring that Horton was on a very short list of qualifiers for this post, almost ensuring his rapid transfer to Aberdour, so great was the desire of some within the Admiralty to have Horton revitalize the submarine arm.〔Chalmers, Chapter X〕 In the Mediterranean (during the Siege of Malta), British U-class submarines began operations against Italy as early as June 1940. Larger submarines also began operations, but after 50% losses per mission, they were withdrawn. U-class submarines operated from the Manoel Island Base known as ''HMS Talbot''. Unfortunately no bomb-proof pens were available as the building project had been scrapped before the war, owing to cost-cutting policies. The new force was named the Tenth Submarine Flotilla and was placed under Flag Officer Submarines, Admiral Max Horton, who appointed Commander George Simpson to command the unit.〔Stephen P. Gill, 'Forging the Flotilla The Royal Navy’s Submarine Campaign from Malta 1940 - 1943'.〕 Administratively, the Tenth Flotilla operated under the First Submarine Flotilla at Alexandria, itself under the admiral commanding in the Mediterranean, Cunningham. In reality, Cunningham gave Simpson and his unit a free hand. Until U-class vessels could be made available in numbers, British T-class submarines were used. They had successes, but suffered heavy losses when they began operations on 20 September 1940. Owing to the shortage of torpedoes, enemy ships could not be attacked unless the target in question was a warship, tanker or other "significant vessel". The flotilla's performance of the fleet was mixed at first. They sank of Italian shipping; half by one vessel, the submarine . It accounted for one Italian submarine, nine merchant vessels and one Motor Torpedo Boat (MTB). The loss of nine submarines and their trained crews and commanders was serious. Most of the losses were to mines. On 14 January 1941, U-class submarines arrived, and the submarine offensive began in earnest. One of the most famous Mediterranean submarines was HMS ''Upholder'', commanded for its entire career by Lieutenant-Commander Malcolm Wanklyn. Wanklyn received a Victoria Cross for attacking a well-defended convoy on 25 May 1941 and sinking an Italian liner, the ''Conte Rosso''. In her 16 month operational career in the Mediterranean, before she was sunk in April 1942, ''Upholder'' carried out 24 patrols and sank around 119,000 tons of Axis ships – 3 U-boats, a destroyer, 15 transport ships with possibly a cruiser and another destroyer also sunk. On 8 September 1944, C-in-C Mediterranean ordered that the submarine base at Maddalena be closed, and that Tenth Flotilla be disestablished and the submarines be incorporated into the First Submarine Flotilla at Malta.〔(The History of the British U-class submarine, p 150 )〕 The submarine force was cut back after the end of the war. The first British nuclear-powered submarine, HMS ''Dreadnought'' (S101) was launched in 1960 based around a U.S.-built nuclear reactor. This was complemented by the Valiant class from 1966, which used a new British-built Rolls-Royce PWR1 reactor. The UK's strategic nuclear deterrent was transferred to the Royal Navy from the Royal Air Force at midnight on 30 June 1968, ie 1 July. The Resolution class ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs) were introduced to carry out this role under the Polaris programme from 1968. These carried US-built UGM-27 Polaris A-3 missiles and were later replaced by the Vanguard class submarines and the Trident missile system from 1994. In 1978 the Flag Officer Submarines who was also COMSUBEASTLANT, part of SACLANT, moved from HMS Dolphin at Gosport to the Northwood Headquarters.〔Royal Navy, (Northwood Headquarters ), accessed 22 May 2010〕 HMS ''Conqueror'' made history in 1982 during the Falklands War when she became the first nuclear-powered submarine to sink a surface ship, the ARA ''General Belgrano''. In May 1991 Oberon class submarines HMS ''Opossum'' and her sister HMS ''Otus'' returned to the submarine base HMS ''Dolphin'' in Gosport from patrol in the Persian Gulf flying Jolly Rogers, the only indication that they had been involved in alleged SAS and SBS reconnaissance operations.〔(Opossum and Otus were seen returning to HMS Dolphin ... with a jolly roger )〕 In 1999 HMS ''Splendid'' participated in the Kosovo Conflict and became the first Royal Navy submarine to fire a cruise missile in anger.〔Barton Gellman (U.S., NATO Launch Attacks on Yugoslavia ) Washington Post 25 March 1999〕 After Operation Veritas, the attack on Al-Qaeda and Taliban forces following the 9/11 attacks in the United States, it emerged that HMS ''Trafalgar'' was the first Royal Navy submarine to launch Tomahawk cruise missiles against Afghanistan,.〔(Trafalgar Returns ) 1 March 2002〕 HMS ''Triumph'' was also involved in the initial strikes.〔(Home and away over Christmas ), (Navy News ), 24 December 2001〕 On 16 April 2003 it was reported that HMS ''Turbulent'', the first Royal Navy vessel to return home from the war against Iraq, had launched fourteen Tomahawk cruise missiles.〔(Cruise missile sub (HMS Turbulent) back in UK ) by Richard Norton-Taylor in The Guardian 17 April 2003〕 In 2011, HMS Triumph and Turbulent participated in Operation Ellamy, they launched Tomahawk cruise missiles at targets in Libya, firing the first shots of the operation. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Royal Navy Submarine Service」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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